How Do Social Networks Affect Secondary Student Education? Essay

Looking at most students, we have changed since the beginning of 2000. We can’t live without social networks; it has become a part of our daily routine. Online social media sites have gained worldwide growth and popularity, which has led to attracting attention from a variety of global researches. Secondary students use social networks as a mode to communicate and find answers and information about everything. According to current various research studies, it has been revealed that in modern society social networks such as Facebook, Instagram, and Whatsapp have become issues to secondary students: they affect students’ health and performance at school, reduce their free time, keep them away from the family, have a bad influence, grammatically change them, and leave open to cyber-bullying. As the young generation tends to spend many hours on social networks, they spend less time on education. However, education is an essential part of an individual’s life. For every teenager, education should be the most important thing. Today, teenagers show much interest in using social networks, but, unfortunately, social networks affect education in a negative way (Kuppuswamy, Narayan 67). Social networks grab the total attention and concentration of the students and divert them towards non-educational, unethical and inappropriate actions such as useless chatting, wasting time by random searching and not doing their homework. Students are also not able to get rid of this addiction during lecture hours; therefore, their concentration decreases and this negatively affects their ability to learn new topics. According to Daily Mail, â€Å"Experts have confirmed what parents and teachers already feared – youngsters who use Facebook do worse on exams† (Clarke 1). The usage of social networks among younger children is high and growing rapidly. â€Å"The research showed that 68% of students who used Facebook had a significantly lower GPA† (Clarke 1). Moreover, Facebook rituals such as ‘liking pictures’, ‘poking’ other users and adding applications, can swallow up hours of study time (Clarke 1). According to other surveys, the  use of smartphones to access social network sites during class does not only affect students’ concentration, it also distracts students’ from listening and memorizing important information. Inevitably, their exam results fall dramatically. In The Impact of Mobile Phone Usage on Student Learning, Scott Titsworth and Jeffrey Kuznekoff have shared their survey results. In their survey, there are three student groups. The first group is the control group, who are banned from using their mobile phones during lecture hour. The second group is more free in using of their mobile phones than the first group. The third group, called the high-distraction group, is totally free to use their mobile phones during lessons. According to survey results, the control group is the most successful in exams, their free recall and note details are much better than other groups. The high-distraction group is the worst in all of the areas. Their short-time memories were affected negatively because of their use of the mobile phones (233). In Negative Effects of Social Networking Sites for Students, Steve Armstrong writes: â€Å"Students today have begun to rely on the accessibility of information that is available on the social media platforms specifically as well as the web in general in order to get answers. This means that there is a reduced focus on learning as well as on retaining information† (Armstrong 1). As a result usage of mobile phone during lecture hours has a significant effect on students’ exam results and memory. Similarly, social networking can impact health. One of the biggest problems is that the phone and computer screens have been proven to cause eyestrain, leading to poor eyesight. The little movement, when they are staring at a screen has been proven to lead to muscle weakness, less muscle development and, in some cases, bone loss. A number of studies have found characteristics of social networks to be strongly associated with health outcomes for a range of physical and psychiatric conditions, and even with mortality rates (Salzinger, Antrobus, and Hammer 2). To prove this statement, nowadays lots of teenagers are wearing glasses or contact lenses. That tells me that using social networks when it’s not needed, may lead you for a health problems. An article titled Are Social Networking Sites Turning Teens into Substance Abusers? tells the reader statistics about how much more likely teenagers are to drink or smoke after being on social networking  sites. â€Å"†¦teens that use Facebook on a daily basis are three times more likely to drink alcohol and twice as likely to use marijuana than those who do not use Facebook† (Jaslow part 2). Moreover, an article called The impact of Social Media on Children states that the likelihood of children who use social network often, can increase their chances of them getting in trouble or becoming depressed (Gwenn, Clarke-Pearson 1). Social networks like Facebook have a large impact on secondary students, often causing depression. The Telegraph reported a survey that found out that â€Å"53 percent of participants said social media sites had changed their behavior, while 51 percent of these said the change had been negative†. Furthermore, two thirds of participants have difficulty relaxing and sleeping after using websites, while â€Å"55 percent felt worried and uncomfortable when they are unable to log onto their social media accounts† (Dunneli 1). As well as that, 28 percent of young Facebook users, uses it †all the time†. Along with those problems, social media bullying has been consistent problem for teenagers. Since the increase in the usage of social network, it has become easier for people to target one another. Prospective problems such as cyber bullying, sexting and inappropriate behavior can occur without the appropriate monitoring by parents and the lack of regulation associated with today’s youth and young individuals. Sexting occurs among the teen population; a recent survey revealed, â€Å"20% of teens have sent or posted nude or seminude photographs or videos of themselves† (National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy 1). Severe, â€Å"frequent cyber bullying can leave both victims and bullies at greater risk for anxiety, depression, and other stress related disorders† (Cyberbullying 1). â€Å"The most common form of cyber bullying is through messages on platforms such as Facebook and Twitter and instant messaging† (Cyber-bullying 1). In some rare but highly publicized cases, some kids have turned to suicide. (Cyberbullying 1). For example, a few years ago a girl named Amanda Todd was cyber-bullied, which caused her to commit suicide. Before her death, she posted a video where she told how she was blackmailed into exposing herself online. After pictures were posted on Facebook, an online bullying campaign began and the 15 years old girl eventually committed a suicide (Six Unforgettable CyberBullying Cases 1). Another example is the story about Megan Meier. She struggled with  attention deficit disorder and depression in addiction to issues with her weight. About a week before her death, a boy named Josh Evans asked Megan to be friends on the social network, MySpace. They began to communicate regularly, although they never met each other. â€Å"Megan had a lifelong struggle with weight and self-esteem,† Tina said on the Foundation website. â€Å"And now she finally had a boy who she thought really thought she was pretty.† However, after Josh didn’t want to be friends with her and become more cruel by telling her â€Å"The world would be a better place without you.† The cyber bullying increased when her classmates and friends on MySpace began writing bad messages. Megan couldn’t read it all and went to her room, leaving her computer opened and hanged herself in her bedroom closet. She died three weeks before her 14th birthday (Six Unforgettable CyberBullying Cases 1). Correspondingly to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people with approximately 4,400 deaths every year. Many individuals feel that they cannot handle the impact of being bullied on social media and the stress related to it. Social media bullying makes people feel helpless and increases the risk of individuals who are being bullied to feel as if they will be the talk of the school or town. Bullying for the most part has been a continual problem in society. Parents need to educate their children on safer ways to use social media platforms in order to potentially avoid the blitz that is now referred to as social media bullying. Correspondingly, social media influences teenagers greatly. For example, let’s take teenage girls; they believe that to exemplify beauty, you have to be thin like a model, as well as that advertisements encourage them what to wear or how to look. Another example is that media sites display multiple advertisements such as banner ads and behavior ads that influence teenagers by showing bad example such as smoking, drinking alcohol and using drugs. There are lots of social networks that operate by gathering information on the person and make them buy a product or use it. Such powerful influences start as soon as children begin to go online (Wilcox, Kunkel, Cantor, Dowrick, Linn, Palmer 2-3). In the same way, social media affect teenager’s grammar. Grammar structures, syntax, proper spelling are replaced by easier type of words, which are called ‘slang’. Teens have become quite adept at both thumbing and writing improper text where after they start to use it everywhere, even in their school assignments. Knowledge of grammar and spelling is lost and this degradation negatively affects students’ study. The researchers of New Media & Society passed out a survey that asked students to detail their texting habits, such as how many texts they send and receive, as well as their opinion on the importance of texting. The researchers also asked participants to note the number of adaptations in their last three sent and received text messages. Of the 542 surveys distributed, students completed and returned 228, or 42.1 percent (Matt Swayne, and Andrea Elyse Messer). Usually, when work is done, most teenagers spend their time online, chatting with friends or just scrolling down the news feed rather than do something helpful or getting enough sleep. As the research showed â€Å"the average teenager gets just seven-and-a-half hours’ sleep a night, despite needing eight to ten hours.†(Carey 1). According to the Sleep Foundation, as many as 65 percent of children are estimated to suffer from significant sleep deprivation. Hundreds of thousands of children here also have sleep disorders, including insomnia. By the time these children are in their teens, using smartphones and tablets into the early hours has become so established that it has its own name, ‘vamping’, named after the adolescent vampires who never sleep in the â€Å"Twilight† books and films (Carey 1). Social researcher Danah Boyd, author of the book It’s Complicated: The Social Lives Of Networked Teens, says that young people would rather be chronically tired and resort to subterfuge than give up what they regard as ‘me time’ late at night (Carey 1).â€Å"The Vampire CHILDREN† article showed and an example of a girl who spends her free time using social networks. â€Å"I snap really easily. My patience disappears and I just want everything on the spot,† she says, â€Å"I stay up until the messages stop. Then I see the time and panic that I’ve got to get up soon.† Being addicted to the social network can be one of the problems too. According to the Washington Post, 14-year old Ben Knight was asked about how he spends his time â€Å"From the time I get home until I go to  bed, I’m usually on my computer† (Ahuja 1). As stated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ 2011 American Time Use Survey, high school students spent on average less than an hour per weekday on sports, exercise and recreation (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 1). Although many people around the world use social networking, it should only be used as a tool. Social networking aids long distance communication greatly, but there must be a stopping point. It cannot become our main form of communication and interaction. If we continue overusing these sites, then it will keep affecting our communication, self-expression, bullying, health, friendship and performance at school, grammar and influence in negative ways. There is nothing that can substitute for personal interaction. Social networking is the problem and we must eliminate its overuse by finding hobby or something that you are interested in. Schedule more quality time away from technology driven activities. Work Cited Armstrong, Steve. â€Å"Negative Effects of Social Networking Sites for Students.† Performancing (2012). 25 Mr.2015 â€Å"American Time Use Survey Summary.† U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 18 June 2014. Web. 03 Mar. 2015. â€Å"Cyberbullying.† KidsHealth – the Web’s Most Visited Site about Children’s Health. Ed. Larissa Hirsch. The Nemours Foundation, 01 June 2014. Web. 22 Mar. 2015. Craig Smith. â€Å"By the Numbers: 200+ Amazing Facebook Users Statistics.† Expanded Ramblings. DMR, 6 Apr. 2015. Web. 16 Apr. 2015 â€Å"Cyber-Bullying.† What Is Social Networking -. Social Networking, n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2015. Jaslow, Ryan. â€Å" Are social networking sites turning teens into substance abusers? – HealthPop – CBS News.† Breaking News Headlines: Business, Entertainment & World News – CBS News, 26 Aug.2011. Web. 14 March 2015. Gwenn Schurgin O’Keeffe MD, and Kathleen Clarke-Pearson MD. â€Å"The Im pact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Familie.† The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families. The American Academy of Pediatrics, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2015. Kunkel D, Wilcox BL, Cantor J, Palmer E, Linn S, Dowrick P. Report of the APA Task Force on Advertising and Children. Section: psychological aspects of commercialization of childhood. February 2004. 25 Mar.2015 Kuznekoff, Jeffrey H., and Scott Titsworth. â€Å"The Impact of Mobile Phone Usage on Student Learning.† Communication Education. Routledge, 12 Feb. 2013. Web. 16 Mar. 2015. Laura Clarke. â€Å"F Grade for Facebook; Students Who Spend Too Much Time on Social Networks Falling Behind in School.† Daily Mail (London), 13 Apr. 2009. Web. 09 Mar. 2015. Laura Dunneli. â€Å"Facebook and Twitter Feed Anxiety, Study Finds.† The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 8 July 2012. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. Masuma Ahuja. â€Å"Teens Are Spending More Time Consuming Media, on Mobile Devices.† Washington Post. The Washington Post, 13 Mar. 2013. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. Matt Swayne, and Andrea Elyse Messer. â€Å"No LOL Matter: Tween Texting May Lead to Poor Grammar Skills | Penn State University.† Penn State News, 25 July 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2015. National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. Sex and Tech: Results of a Survey of Teens and Young Adults. Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy; 2008. 25 Mar.2015 S. Kuppuswamy, P. B. Shankar Narayan, â€Å"The Impact of Social Netwo rking Websites on the Education of Youth†, In International Journal of Virtual Communities and Social Networking, Vol. 2, Issue 1, page 67-79, January-March 2010. 15 Mar. 2015 Suzanne Salzinger, John Antrobus, and Muriel Hammer. â€Å"The First Compendium of Social Network Research Focusing on Children and Young Adult.† Google Books. New York State Psychiatric Institute, 2014. Web. 17 Mar. 2015. â€Å"Six Unforgettable CyberBullying Cases.† NoBullyingExpert Advice on Bullying Cyber Bullying. No Bullying, n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2015. Tanith Carey. â€Å"The Vampire CHILDREN; Hooked on IPads and Mobiles Late into the Night, They Hardly Sleep. Here Experts Reveal the Terrifying Toll on the Generation Dubbed. ..I Can Be on Social Networks until 3am. I Look at the Screens So Much My Eyes Burn and I Get Headaches.† Daily Mail (London), 12 Feb. 2015. Web. 09 Mar. 2015.

Hurricane Katrina

September 2nd and 3rd, 2005 saw a spate of articles and comments in the press all over the world about the effects and aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. A study of selected newspaper articles and comments from different parts of the world reveal interesting tilts and biases. The Guardian, a liberal newspaper from London, uses the opportunity to attack US policies. Both domestic and international policies are criticized in the article which however attempts to absolve President Bush of any direct responsibility for the consequences of the disaster.The author’s bias in respect of the Iraq war comes through when the war is blamed for the ineffective handling of the disaster. The expression â€Å"anarchic south† used in association with Louisiana almost seems to compare Louisiana with Baghdad after its fall. (What Was Revealed). However, it takes a philosophical stand and talks about the past, reflecting the conservative moorings of the newspaper.Yet, the use of the word â₠¬Å"uninsured† in connection with poverty looks rather incongruous, seeming to imply that being insured would be an excuse for the poverty that was exposed. (Loss of an American Dream). However stresses that more than the loss of property, American leaders and the administration have lost credibility and people have lost faith in them. With Australia often accused of racial discrimination and prejudice, the newspaper finds it an opportune moment to point out that divisive racial prejudices and poverty are issues in America too, despite its wealth. It almost seems that the article was just waiting for an occasion to hit back in the same way.The Israeli militaristic obsessions come through very transparently in the article by Sever Plocker in the â€Å"Yediot Aharonot.† (Plocker, Sever). Almost all events have political implications in Israel and that is what probably prompts Plocker to stress upon the political ramifications of Hurricane Katrina. He even goes so far as to predict a stinging defeat for the Republicans in the upcoming Congressional elections.The â€Å"Toronto Star† is very specific about apportioning blame and does not seem to spare anyone. Officials, President Bush, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the National Guard, and the Army Corps of Engineers have all been blamed for making the disaster so devastating. (Grim Lesson). The bias against anything official comes through, even as the article appears to ignore every other aspect of the disaster.The Edmonton Journal however appears to take a very balanced view, describing the factual details of the disaster and points at the sociological imbalances that prevailed in the city of Louisiana. (A Society in Collapse. Edmonton). Such a view probably reflects the reputation of Edmonton as the cultural capital of Canada.The New Zealand Herald calls for sympathy, but stresses on the economic consequences of the disaster for the rest of the world, and reminds the reader that natu re is all-powerful. New Zealand has a very strong agricultural economy and is very sensitive to crucial role of nature in all such activities, which probably prompts the article to link the disaster with a poor appreciation of the forces of nature. Pravda, published from Moscow, is stridently critical of President Bush and is clearly biased against him and his administration.The language used verges on the hysterical, and reminds the reader about the verbal diatribes that were so much a part of the Cold War. The criticism is more likely to be meant at all things American and not specifically the present administration or President. Thus the views and comments reflect tilt and balances of one sort or another and very few unbiased ones. America’s domestic and foreign policies are blamed, and the administration and institutions charged with coping with such disasters are accused of ineffectiveness in most comments.Work CitedA Brutal Reminder. London. The Guardian. (2005, Septemb er 3).Aaronovitch, David. (2005, September 3). What Was Revealed. The Times. London.Loss of an American Dream. (2005, September 3). The Age. Melbourne.Plocker, Sever. (2005, September 3). Political Ramifications: TEL AVIV. Yediot Aharonot.Grim Lesson. Toronto. Toronto Star. (2005, September 3).Edmonton Journal. A Society in Collapse. Edmonton. (2005, September 3).The New Zealand Herald. A Gesture of Sympathy. Auckland. (2005, September 3).Hinchey, Bancroft. Timothy. (2005, September 2). View Points. Hurricane Katrina. Comment and analysis from London, Melbourne, Tel Aviv, Toronto, Edmonton, Auckland and Moscow. Retrieved March 13, 2007, from http://www.worldpress.org/Americas/2142.cfm

First three chapters to edit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8750 words

First three chapters to edit - Essay Example The anxieties over quality, on the other hand, have necessitated the need to design online courses that meet the set minimum standards of quality and industry demands. It is on this basis that faculty-designers have emerged as critical a component in the development of online courses. Given the importance of faculty-designers, there is a need to ensure that these faculty-developers possess requisite skills and competencies that are crucial in maintaining the quality of online courses. This chapter presents the issues surrounding the skills, competencies and best practices for designing online courses. In addition to these issues, this chapter will also present the purpose of the research, research questions and hypotheses, justification and significance of the research, as well as limitations and assumptions for the research. Faculty designers try to employ the principles of instructional design that uses those tenets to design course materials. However, they are often made responsible for the creation, development, and management of online classes without any formal preparation for performing these tasks (Carliner and Driscoll, 2009). This can result in a practice where faculty-designers tend to create certain courses without possessing the basic instructional development skills and competencies in these areas. This problem is compounded since the professional and scholarly community has not yet identified the basic instructional design skills and competencies that the faculty-designers should possess before they are assigned the task of designing various courses. Such competencies and skills for faculty-designers developing online courses are embedded in instructional design theories related to the content expertise as well as their understanding of the concepts of education and instructional design (R eigeluth, 2012). These ideas are also associated with the conceptualization of how learning theories support adult learning. The rapid growth of online

Benefits of mobile applications in hospitality indusrty Essay

Benefits of mobile applications in hospitality indusrty - Essay Example in the service industry have a duty to identify the major resources that can help them generate competitive advantages in the course of their operations. Additionally, they have to be in a better position access these resources and capitalize on them effectively in the process of improving the performance of their businesses while being competitive in the industry. The type and relevance of resources changes from one company to another and may also rely on the factors present in the business’ external environment. So far, it is evident that some of the old resources used by companies in the past like personal contacts and offering low prices are fast losing their effectiveness as competitive advantages. These resources are being replaced by branding and quality as some companies have adopted them (Tsai, Song & Wong, 2009). Most companies, not only in the hospitality industry, have been researching and trying on new technologies in order to improve their competitiveness and enhance the quality of their products and services. When companies are developing these new technologies, they ensure that they set new policies and regulations to guide the use and application of these technologies in their business operations. One of the newly found competitive advantages for business and in the hospitality industry is dependence on information and technology. Information technology like the internet and mobile technology have become relatively new and significant sources of competitive advantages to firms. These technologies are very different from the previous strategies that some companies have relied on to enhance their operations and service delivery. Interestingly, most of the recent conventional researches and studies have not effectively portrayed information technology to be a significant factor that can enhance the success and excellence in companies’ performance (PraniÄ ević, Alfirević, & Ã…  temberger, 2011). Additionally, some recent studies have argued

Interpretation and Application to Facts of Extracts from Three Essay

Interpretation and Application to Facts of Extracts from Three Statutes - Essay Example He intends to do this by exposing the dog to a chemical-impregnated rag. Just as is usually the case, there are several acts that make up for Alec’s Actus Reus. Although the main criminal act done by Alec is an attempted harm of a sniffer dog, yet Alec has also trespassed Claire’s property, which is her cottage. It is important to note that by destroying the sniffer dog’s olfactory organs, Alec was committing the crime of destroying someone’s property. Despite the destruction of property often being legally referred to as vandalism, Alec’s destruction of property can be fittingly called as such, only that it borders on mutilation, since the property in this case is a living being, a dog. The part of the dog that is being mutilated is its olfactory organ, whether this mutilation is permanent, r temporary, that notwithstanding (Biles, et al., 2011, 177). Conversely, Alec is also acting in collusion with drug dealers, which is another criminal offence. While freedom of association may be cited by the defendant as an explanation to Alec’s tete-a-tete with drug barons, his very act of mutilating Bruno amounts to a (willful) obstruction of justice. Alec’s act is not only classifiable as an anticipatory obstruction of justice, but it also totally proscribed and described. ... Conversely, it is also important to note that Alec’s action makes him complicit to a crime. Guam v. Dela Rosa, 644 F.2d 1257, 1260-61 (1981) sheds light on the fact that Alec has knowledge of an anticipated criminal act (drug dealing and destruction of police property) and continues to strengthen their cause (by attempting to disable a police dog). This totally and explicitly renders Alec an accomplice to crime. Even the mere fact that Alec knew about the drug dealers and maintained contact with them, still serves as exculpating evidence against him. This is because, both points of legal references describe an accomplice as one who is party to an offence by the virtue of having encouraged the principal offender with acts or/ and words, and thereby facilitating the crime. This accomplice needs not participate in the main crime; he merely enables it. Alec by all means is an accomplice since he verbally agreed in a binding agreement and also actively tried to incapacitate a polic e dog, with the chief aid of abetting and enabling the transpiration of narcotics. By also entering Claire’s cottage without permission, Alec became guilty of the crime of trespass. Another salient component that gives the case a strong ground is Mens Rea (the state of a guilty mind, a criminal intent and a wrongful purpose). Alec, having formed a liaison with drug dealers, had planned to destroy Bruno’s sense of smell. He seized Bruno by the collar, drag him towards his van, so as to expose his nose to the chemical-impregnated rag. The conclusion to the foregoing is that there is no room whatsoever for any lawful excuse that may be extended in favor of Alec. Besides this, it is most probable that Alec has a case to answer and that he is likely to be found of

Organization Performance - Google Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Organization Performance - Google - Case Study Example Strategic processes and systems within the organization involve all management functions and corporate decisions. The company would have to initiate its strategic functional processes and systems in keeping with its own strategic competitive environment as determined by SWOT analysis. For instance, internal organizational arrangements for communication, quality management, internal value chain management, employee relations, HRM function, budgetary control, cash flow management, motivation and so on will have to be aligned with organizational goals. A gourmet chocolate manufacturer would have to take into consideration the competitive environment and available strategic choices. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies and initiatives have become an inevitable component of the modern business organization's corporate objectives to such an extent that they are incorporated into the organizational goals. Google's as surveyed by this writer has adopted the same CSR initiatives adopted by the internet search engines on a global level. ... Each and every employer in the Google treated as equally important and management believes that Google's success depends on the interaction of employees with sharing their valuable ideas and opinions. Therefore motivating the employees has taken to considered by Google when they are managing the human resource. Despite the complexity and the competition in the business environment most of the organizations pay their considerable attention to increased employee motivation, performance and productivity. Management believes that when the employees' motivation levels increase, they trying to do their best in the workplace and committed to the management with alive, corporate and energetic. Thus when motivation levels are low, simply employers are unhappy and underperforming in their work with absenteeism and lower productivity. Google has revolutionized its services and redefined its employees in the workplace, especially Googlers are working closely with the management teams to attract, hire, develop and reward employees. In fact, the HR team of the Google is using every level of employee's talents and performance towards the success of the organization. Thus Google is providing an "individually-tailored" compensation package consisting of competitive salary and bonus with further rewards based on their performance. Googlers focusing on a drive in small teams with high energy environment. According to the Fortune magazine, Google was rewarded as one of "the 100 best companies to work for" in 2009. In fact, it could earn this recognition basically due to innovation benefits, flexibility, employee satisfaction and also the opportunity to pursue ideas in the working environment. However Google has adopted some motivation principles in the work environment such as â€Å"Appreciation is the best motivation†, so management has created a fun and inspiring workplace with host of facilities such as - on-site doctor and dentist; massage and yoga; professional development opportunities; shoreline running trails; and plenty of snacks to get throughout the day.  Ã‚  

Suicide bombing and why it is a common terrorist act Essay

Suicide bombing and why it is a common terrorist act - Essay Example Early 1990's, Palestinians is trying to resist against Israeli occupation in West Bank and Gaza where young Palestinian men, and women to strap themselves with explosives making their way to Israeli Jewish areas whether crowded with soldiers or civilians and blowing themselves up killing and injuring dozens of people around them including police, men, women and children (Asad, pars 11 ). An act resulting from humiliation by the army, and/or seeking revenge for the killing or injury of a relative or a friend, desperation and frustration from the oppressive Israeli occupation, unemployment and confinement, imprisonment and torture, hopelessness, racism, discrimination, as well as other reasons , (Ateek, pars 10 ). These young people were not born "terrorists". But they are born a in the image and likeness of God. They were born human beings with love of life and freedom. But all of them, with no exception, were born under the Israeli military occupation. The only Jews they knew were Is raeli soldiers carrying guns and dehumanizing Palestinians that made them terrorist. The only thing that Palestinians wants is to end Israeli occupation and the establishment of their own state along side the state of Israel ( Ateek, pars 13 ).On the other hand, Israeli continue its oppressive and punitive measures against them killing people to assassinate Palestinian leaders and even destroying homes. Thus suicide bombings came to be perceived as a more potent tool of resistance that can reciprocate the pain and hurt they were experiencing. And as they were driven deeper into despair, their desire to hit back in any way possible grew in intensity. From a Palestinian perspective, therefore, the real sequence of the cycle of resistance has been this: Israeli occupation, Palestinian resistance, greater Israeli oppressive measures, and greater attempts on the Palestinian side to increase the resistance, and the vicious circle goes on. Their main objective and desire to take away as ma ny Israeli lives as possible using their own bodies as tanks and shells to destroy and devastate Israeli areas. If the oppressors have the heart (or should one say lose the heart) to kill women and children and to make the life of Palestinians miserable, the suicide bombers are not going to spare Israeli lives that in Islam, they called suicide bombers as "shuhada "a martyrs and its prize in depending their homeland is a paradise rather than a human military medal ( Ateek pars 22). A Muslim Perspective . There are three main reasons why suicide bombings become a more powerful phenomenon according to Hamas leader, Khaled Mash'al, namely, the religious, the nationalist or patriotic, and the humanitarian. Humanitarian suicide

Design the telecommunications network to support a new multi-location Essay

Design the telecommunications network to support a new multi-location practice - Essay Example The use of latest networking tools has transformed the overall world particularly business areas. At the present, organizations have much faster, accurate and enhanced ways for business and corporate management. This paper presents communication network specification for a Dental Office. In this scenario I will recommend a new network technology and data sharing method for better management of the corporate areas. Requirements for the Network I have presented below some of the requirements for new network technology implementation at corporation: Offering better communication services at corporation Establishment of effective data sharing environment Offering secure data access points for communication Establishment of better communication facility Offering remote access to network Offering remote data transfer and access mechanism Implementing new and enhanced data communication framework Offering better data safety and access points Implementing enhanced capability of data handling Developing better data handling mechanism Suitable data backup and recovery mechanism Superior data transfer speed Effective user management Tight security login and access methods Network Information and Data Need Security In this network establishment main sensitive data that we have is about the Dental Clinic clients (patients). This data needs to be secured for superior management and corporate security and privacy. This link of data can include: Patient name Patient address Patient content Patient financial details Patient medial details Patient medical history Patient personal and sensitive information Patient funds transfer information Besides we also have some of the important information regarding doctors and other clinic staff. In this scenario we have a lot of details regarding staff working and financial information that can be extremely sensitive: Staff Person name Staff Person address Staff Person content Staff Person financial details Staff Person job details Staff P erson working history Staff Person personal and sensitive information Staff Person salary and financial transfers details In addition, this new corporate network and database will also keep some sensitive information regarding Dental Clinic itself. I have outline below some of the important aspects that will be kept by network database for the business: Business financial information Business staff details Business tax details Business revenue information Business assistants details Business daily working schedule Network Specification For analyzing the needs and requirements of Dental Clinic business and operational capabilities required by corporation I would suggest a new and effective network arrangement for the business. For this network development, I would suggest the implementation of VPN (virtual private network). In this scenario, a virtual private network (VPN) is a network arrangement that makes use of a public telecommunication arrangement, like that internet, to offer remote offices or individual clients through protected access to their organization's communication network. In addition, the basic goal of a VPN is to offer the business the similar potentials however at a much lower cost

Concert Reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Concert Reports - Essay Example After the piece was over, soloist violin artists took to the stage to give Tang a chance to prepare for the second piece. The stretching of the strings put a soft tune to calm the audience after a blast performance. After 30 seconds Tang performed Ballade No.4 by Fredrich Chopin. It is important to note that Tang has toured many countries globally and has won numerous awards for her prowess in music. The second piece started smoothly and the tune soon picked up to an impetuous rhythm so amazing that I had lost taste for the first performance. It was so incredible how she performed it. Following the intermission was Slavonic Dances for piano by Antonin Dvorak. Deborah the guest performer for the night showcased her talent with the piano. She portrayed her breathtaking virtuosity as her fingers ran up and down in a scale to demonstrate her very impressive dexterity. Her hands ran across the piano keyboard harmoniously producing notes that overwhelmed the audience with her delicate notes that were so breathtaking. At the end of the song, she produced powerful notes that left some audience mouth wide agape. The concluding performance was Trio in E-flat Major, Op.40 by Johannes Brahms and performed by Corbin Wagner, Horn and Hai Xin Wu. The pair made a lasting impression not only on me, but also on the entire audience because of how the notes from the piano rhymed with the violin and how the combined note was produced thunder infused with life. The piece was so illuminating that it started with the blasts of the trumpets as if it was a military parade but the echoes of the piano and the violin in background made the audience to jump up and down from one sit to another. The pair showed their command over the brass instruments such that the audience applause was their plea for more which was the case. Attending the concert is the best thing that happened to me. The performers showed their technical skills and

Hand Hygiene in Surgery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Hand Hygiene in Surgery - Essay Example It is obvious that more washing and scrubbing damage ecology and health of the skin and harm resistance of the skin flora, rather than reducing the risk of harbouring and transmitting infectious agents. Taking into account the increase in vulnerable patient population, effort should be made to identify proper antiseptic products that provide adequate protection from transmission of infecting agents, at the same time that does not damage skin health. Recent studies propose use of alcohol-based hand rinses as an alternative to detergent-based antiseptic products, because they have 'rapid and broad-spectrum activity, excellent microbicidal characteristics, and lack of potential for emergence of resistance' as well as require no washing or drying. In addition, alcohol-based formulations are found to be superior to antiseptic detergents for rapid microbial killing potential and addition of appropriate moisturizers make it milder and skin friendly. Extensive studies of use of antimicrobial soaps and skin care products in skin hygiene and role of hand-washing in reducing rates of infection abound in number, whereas studies to assess benefits in reducing transmission of infection without added risk or cost of using antimicrobial soaps and to compare efficacy of aqueous alcohol based preparations over plain or antimicrobial soap and water are still in nascent stage. Since outbreaks of Surgical Sight Infections are linked with transmission of micro-organisms from surgical personnel to patients, policies and guidelines for strict adherence to the principles of asepsis by all surgical workers is paramount in preventing surgical site infections. Background: Surgery is aimed to eliminate suffering and prolong life and the principles of antisepses introduced by Joseph Lister in the late 1860s helped reduce 'post operative infectious morbidity'. Healthcare delivery system in the United States has undergone dramatic changes recently with the opening up avenues for long-term care, home-care, and managed-care industries, leading to decrease in number of acute-care facilities. Whereas, there is increase in hospital acquired infections proportionate with the increase of patients requiring intensive care in acute-care facilities, and the number of surgical procedures performed in outpatient settings or surgical centres. "Because of the severely ill and immunocompromised populations in these settings, prevention of infections and other adverse events is a major component of providing quality care." (Emerging Infectious Diseases 173). Despite improved operating room ventilation, sterilization methods, barriers, surgical technique, and availability of antimicrobial prophylaxis Surgical Sight Infection (SSI) is the most common nosocomial infection causing morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients all over the world. Hospitals are breeding ground for pathogens and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, because of inefficient hand hygiene by hospital personnel and frequency of bacterial carriage by

David Hare & Skylight Essay Example for Free

David Hare Skylight Essay Skylight by David Hare is a post 1914, post Thatcher drama, dealing with matters of life, love and circumstance. It is set in a small, well lived in, flat, Northwest London, where Kyra, a middle aged, self-reliant teacher, lives. Tom, a guilt ridden, controlling, entrepreneur, randomly appears, at Kyras doorstep. He casually invades her privacy, wanting to rekindle past love, when success was his, after a three-year separation. The stubborn pair hold the stage for the entire 2 1/2 hours tearing away at each others deceptions and hypocrisies, except for brief but significant, visits by Toms rebellious, insecure, son Edward. This play is very contemporary, dealing with issues relevant at the time. The time is post Thatcher, although Tom still is part of the Conservative, right wing system, working for himself. Kyra, on the contrary, is a left wing, labour supporter, who helps other people. Tom is not able to put passion before political values, whereas Kyra is. David Hare structures the play quite effectively, using 2 acts and 4 scenes. The play is detailed, and probes the depths of intimacy between the 4 characters-one of whom is Alice, who we never see, but whose presence is always lurking in the form of guilt. The emotional scar has been made before the play even starts. The memory of Alice remains a sad spectre for Tom and Kyra. Edward comes right at the beginning, which is an introduction to Tom because it brings back all the memories of him. I think that when Tom reappears, Kyra may have doubted leaving him because she loves him, but she also hates part of him as well and from pg. 56 she realises that they have such different lifestyles, and are utterly incompatible. Tom: I was thinking, I could get used to this. Maybe this area isnt so bad. Over there, I was thinking, Im going to put my telly Kyra: Have you still got that big one? Tom: Oh no. Its much bigger now Its going to take up most of that wall Tom just decides that he is going to move in, without Kyras consent. Kyra doesnt actually say no though, but that is because she knows, from then on that it is all just a fantasy, she is the one in control because she realises how desperate he is for her. Neither of them can cope with Toms depression, which comes and goes with monotonous regularity, so if they stayed together, Kyra would be crushed by Tom and it would all end in disaster.

Background Information On Undernutrition Health And Social Care Essay

Background Information On Undernutrition Health And Social Care Essay Malnutrition could be defined as an imbalance between nutrients and energy supply to the cells and the bodys requirement for growth, maintenance and specific functions (1). That is, malnutrition could be over nutrition, in which case the bodys nutrients and energy supply exceeds what the body requires, or undernutrition, in which case the nutrients and energy supply does not meet the bodys demand. An example of over nutrition is obesity whiles and example of undernutrition is marasmus or kwashiorkor. Malnutrition is responsible for about 5.6 to 10 million child mortality annually, 1.5million of these deaths is as a results of severe malnutrition (). Nutritional status of an individual reflects the balance between the nutrients consumption and its utilization in the processes of growth, health maintenance and reproduction (). Thus, it extends from nutrient levels in the body, the end products of metabolism to the functional activities that they control (). Undernutrition is disturbing because it is responsible for more than a third of all child deaths in developing countries (1). It blunts the mind, affects the productivity of its victims and brings about poverty (24). It is important to address the issue of undernutrition if there is any hope of achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), especially MDG 1 which is to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. Proper nutrition helps give every child the best start in life. Beside every child has a right to adequate nutrition. However, there are a significant proportion of children who are denied this right for reasons that could easily be prevented. An estimated 13 million children under 5years globally are severely undernourished and 50% of them die from preventable causes (1). Interestingly, 99% of the child deaths occur in the developing countries (24). Up to date studies point out that, one in three children less than five years in the developing world are undernourished with sub -Saharan Africa and Asia having high rates, of 40 per cent and 35 per cent respectively (24). Currently, it is estimated that one-third of children less than five years of age in developing countries are stunted (low height-for-age), whiles significant proportion of them, are also deficient in one or more micronutrients (24). Studies shows that, a child with severe undernutrition enrolls late in school and also affects his or her performance in school (26).This contributes significantly to the increased rates of school drop- out and undoubtedly contributing to the issue of meaningful access and educational outcome (25). This could be attributed to the fact that, the harm caused by undernutrition to children during the first two years, especially between 6 months and 24months is irreversible because it is the period of rapid brain development (25). In order to ensure that all children achieve optimal nutrition as well as low incidence of infectious disease and infant mortality from malnutrition, it is important that we understand the factors that contributes to undernutrition (23). CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK OF CHILD UNDERNUTRITION. According to the United Nations Childrens Emergency Fund (UNICEF), the theoretical outline of child malnutrition shows numerous interventions that can decrease morbidity and mortality associated with malnutrition (23). To prevent or manage malnutrition, the factors implicated needs evaluation. In addition, the various causes of malnutrition overlap, that is: immediate causes, underlying causes and basic causes (23). Figure 1: conceptual framework of childhood undernutrition 1.2.1 IMMEDIATE CAUSES The immediate causes of childhood malnutrition is classified as, insufficient diet as well as stress, trauma, diseases (such as HIV, TB etc) and poor psychosocial care. Poor dietary ingestion may refer to poor breastfeeding practices, early weaning, delayed introduction of complementary feed. It is known that the stage from birth to two years of age is the significant period for the promotion of good growth, health, behavioral and cognitive development (24). Therefore, optimal infant and young child feeding is crucial during this period. Regrettably, this period (especially between 6 to 24months after birth), is often marked by growth faltering, micronutrient deficiencies as well as common childhood illnesses such as diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections (ARI) (24). The WHO therefore recommends Optimal feeding practices during this period, which involves early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life, continued breastfeeding for up to two years of age and beyond, timely introduction of complementary feeding at 6 months of age, frequency of feeding, solid/semisolid foods, and the diversity of food groups fed to children between 6 and 24months of age (1). Exclusive breastfeeding is an excellent way of providing adequate food for a babys first six months of life (21). An estimated 1.4 million deaths occurs globally among under five children every year because of inadequate or suboptimum breastfeeding (22). The most recent data suggest that, in the developing world, 36 per cent of 0-5 month olds are exclusively breastfed, whiles 60 per cent of 6-8 month olds are breastfed and given complementary foods and  55 per cent of 20-23 month olds are provided with continued breastfeeding (22). Also among newborns, 43 per cent started breastfeeding within the first hour after birth (22). Adequate complementary feeding of children from 6 months to two years is critical in preventing undernutrition. Proper timing of complementary feed introduction also helps prevent undernutrition. Early beginning of complementary food is found to be associated increased risk of acute respiratory tract infections, eye infections and high malaria morbidity. This is because, when complementary feeding is initiated, it results in reduced breastmilk consumption which could results in the loss of passive immunity from the mother to the child (23). Thus causing higher morbidity especially when unhygienic foods are used, as a results of development of diarrhoea (23). This is supported by a study done in India, which shows that growth curves weaken by 4months of life as a consequence of early initiation of complementary feeding (23). Evidence further shows that, complementary feeding practices are generally poor among developing countries, thus children continue to be vulnerable to permanent o utcomes like stunting and impaired cognitive development (24). Currently in Ghana, there is widespread child malnutrition, contributing to the continuous high child mortality (25). About 39% of all Ghanaian 2 year olds are moderately or severely stunted with the incidence rising in the Northern regions (25). Studies show that undernutrition is more prevalent in the rural than the urban areas of the country (3). Almost one in five children under age five in Ghana are underweight (18 percent) and 3% are classified as severely underweight (25). Nearly a quarter of children (22%) are stunted or too short for their age and 5 percent are wasted or too thin for their height (1). 1.2.2. UNDERLYING CAUSES: It include inadequate levels of household food security, inadequate care of infant and children, low levels of education of mother/caregivers, inadequate health care and insanitary environment (23). 1.2.3. BASIC CAUSES OF MALNUTRITION This is also called the root causes of malnutrition and it include deprived and control of resources (such as political, social, ideological and economic), degradation, of the environment, poor agriculture, war, political instability, urbanization, population growth and seize, distribution, conflicts, trade agreements and natural disasters, religious and cultural factors (23). PROBLEM STATEMENT. Globally it is estimated that 60 million children have moderate acute and 13 million have severe acute malnutrition(SAM) (23) . 50% of 10 to 11 children below five years die from preventable causes such as undernutrition (23). Studies have also shown that 9% of children in the sub-saharan Africa have moderate acute malnutrition whiles 2% of them are severely malnuhrised (23). One of the identified factors contributing to high mortality rates from undernutrition is because, only severe cases of malnutrition are reported with most of them reporting late. According to a press released by the Central Regional Nutrition Officer on 20th September 2011, Four hundred and twenty seven (427) severe malnutrition cases among children were recorded (from January to June, last year) by the Central Region Health Administration, with Agona West having the highest of 113 followed by Upper Denkyira East with 83 cases. Eighty two percent (82%) of the cases were children from zero to two years. Fifty four per cent (54%) are females with forty six percent (46%) being males (4). According to the Ghana demographic and health survey report released in 2008, out of a total number of 246 children from the central region involved in the study, 47.8% of them had height for age below -3SD (indicating severe stunting), 22.6% had weight for age below -3SD (indicating severe wasting) and 13.7% had weight for height below -3SD (indicating severe undernutrition) (19). According to the report, out of 292 children born in the region over the period of the research, 9 9.3% were breastfed (19). Out of this, 55.5% of them breastfeeding was started within an hour after birth whiles 79.1% of them were breastfeed within 24hours after birth (19). The burden of undernutrition cannot be ignored when considering the health of a country, most importantly in a developing country like Ghana. Although Ghana recently attained a lower middle income country status, the prevalence of undernutrition has been persistently high. More needs to be done in terms of childhood nutrition if the millennium goals 4 is to be achieved. Undernutrition reduces an increased susceptibility to infections, slow recovery from illness and poor outcomes from simple medical conditions. The critical window , which is the period of birth up to two years (24 months) of life, is an important period of preventing undernutrition . If undernutrition is not taken care of during this critical period, it may lead to irreversible damage for future development towards adulthood such as low intellect which may eventually affect productivity. RATIONAL OF STUDY. Infant and child morbidity and mortality as well as the economic ability of the country will always continue to be a problem if the nutritional status of young children(6 to24months) is overlooked. If infant and child mortalities goes high, the government spends huge sums of money to reduce or prevent them. This could be avoided by just identifying and addressing the factors that are associated with undernutrition. For example, an inexpensive way of ensuring good child nutrition is to educate mothers to engage themselves in good child feeding practices such as exclusive breastfeeding for 6months and timely introduction of quality complementary feeding. This study seeks to assess the nutritional status of children 6months to 24months in order to identify those who have any form of undernutrition which is indicated by stunting, wasting and underweight. This will help identify the common factors that contributes to undernutrition so that programmes could be geared towards children 6 months to 24 months as a whole. STUDY HYPOTHESIS: Childhood undernutrition is influenced by socio-demographic factors, child feeding practices and the health history of child and mother/caregiver pair. GENERAL OBJECTIVE To assess the nutritional status of children 6months to 24months attending child welfare clinic in the cape coast metropolis and examine the factors associated with it. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES The specific objectives are to: Determine the socio demographic background of mother/caregiver and child (6 to 24 months old) pair. Determine the nutritional status of children between the ages of 6months and 24months. Determine the child feeding practices of mothers/ caregivers and its association with child nutritional status. Identify the common food items used in complementary feeding of children 6 to 24months. Determine the health history including acute (diarrhoea, respiratory tract infection, anemia and malaria) and chronic illnesses such as TB and HIV) of children between 6months and 24months and their association with undernutrition. CHAPTER 2 2.1. INTRODUCTION Worldwide, hunger and malnutrition are the two most significant public health challenges (23). Malnutrition increases the risk for illness and death with millions of both children and women being affected as a results of infections, poor and inadequate diet (23). Reports suggest that infants and young children are the most venerable to malnutrition because of their increased nutritional needs to support growth (23). Nutritional disorders arise from imbalance between supply of protein-energy and the bodys demand for them to ensure optimal growth and function (23). This imbalance includes both inadequate and excessive nutrient intake; the former leading to malnutrition in the form of wasting, stunting and underweight whilst the latter results in overweight and obesity (23). Malnutrition is often used to in place of PEM (protein energy malnutrition), which is commonly regarded and its severe forms are called marasmus, kwashiorkor and miasmic kwashiorkor (23). SAM is a term used to describe a combination of all the different forms of PEM, it refers to weight for height 2.2. PREVALENCE OF MALNUTRITION Globally, the nutritional status of children is improving with the exception of sub-Saharan Africa. This progress is however hindered by poverty, infection and inefficient governance (22). In a study conducted among developing countries, was second to Asia in terms of the number of children who are stunted, underweight and wasted (23). Table 2.1. Prevalence of PEM among children under 5years in developing countries, 1995. REGION WASTING /% STUNTING /% UNDERWEIGHT /% Africa 39 28 8 Asia 41 35 10 Latin America and Caribbean 18 10 3 Oceania 31 23 5 (Muller and krawntel, 2005). In the state of the worlds children report released in 1998, malnutrition resulted in about seven million deaths which are about 55% of all child deaths (23). Of these, three quarters are mild to moderately malnourished without obvious signs of problems (23). According to a press released by the Central Regional Nutrition Officer on 20th September 2011, Four hundred and twenty seven (427) severe malnutrition cases among children were recorded (from January to June, last year) by the Central Region Health Administration, with Agona West having the highest of 113 followed by Upper Denkyira East with 83 cases. Eighty two percent (82%) of the cases were children from zero to two years. Fifty four per cent (54%) are females with forty six percent (46%) being males (4). In the 2008 Ghana demographic and health survey, out of a total number of 246 children from the central region involved in the study, 47.8% of them had height for age below -3SD (indicating severe stunting), 22.6% had weight for age below -3SD (indicating severe wasting) and 13.7% had weight for height below -3SD (indicating severe undernutrition) (19). In the report, out of 292 children born in the region over the period of the research, 99.3% were breastfed (19). Out of this, 55.5% of them breastfeeding was started within an hour after birth whiles 79.1% of them were breastfeed within 24hours after birth (19). 2.3. CLASSIFICATION OF MALNUTRITION Malnutrition, defined in this context as nutritional deficiency, is a serious public health problem that has been linked to a substantial increase in the risk of mortality and morbidity. It is normally used to describe protein energy malnutrition. Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) refers to a group of related disorders which include marasmus, kwashiorkor and marasmus-kwashiorkor (2). Marasmus involves inadequate intake of protein and calories and is characterized by emaciation or wasting (2). Kwashiorkor refers to an inadequate protein intake with reasonable caloric (energy) intake and it is characterized by edema (2). Therefore the major clinical difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor is the wasting which is seen in marasmus but absent in kwashiorkor and edema which is present in kwashiorkor but absent in marasmus. Moreover, in the intermediate state of marasmus kwashiorkor, there is both wasting and edema. Studies suggest that marasmus represents an adaptive response to starvation, whereas kwashiorkor represents a maladaptive response to starvation (2). Children, usually present with a mixed picture of marasmus and kwashiorkor, hence the term protein- energy malnutrition is commonly used in child malnutrition (2). Pati ents with protein-energy malnutrition may also have deficiencies of vitamins, essential fatty acids, and trace elements (2). In marasmus the insufficient energy intake to match the bodys requirements causes the body draw on its own stores thus resulting in emaciation (2). In kwashiorkor, because there is adequate carbohydrate ( caloric) consumption but inadequate protein intake leads to decreased synthesis of visceral proteins (2).This result in hypoalbuminemia (low albumen in blood) which contributes to extravascular fluid accumulation as a result of reduced intravascular oncotic pressure (2). Another effect is the impaired synthesis of B-lipoprotein thus leading to a fatty liver (2). Marasmus and kwashiorkor could both be associated with impaired glucose clearance that relates to dysfunction of pancreatic ÃŽÂ ²-cells (2). Protein-energy malnutrition also involves an inadequate intake of many essential nutrients such as zinc, vitamins e.t.c (2). The WHO classifies malnutrition into moderate and severe malnutrition (23). Malnutrition is classified as severe when there is the presence of symmetrical edema (malnutrition edema), weight-for-height SD-score 2.4. ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS The severity of malnutrition varies in terms of its clinical, biochemical and physiologic features. These features are also affected by the age of the child, nutritional deficits and infections. Diagnosis of child malnutrition is made by taking a detailed dietary history and demonstrating the presence of clinical features, which are weight loss, slow growth/ growth retardation, childs physical activity and energy levels, the recent history of diarrhoea, immune-suppression and many other features. The assessment of nutritional status according to weight-for-height, height-for-age and presence of nutritional edema is the WHO standard criteria for diagnosing undernutrition (1). Whilst the child with edematous malnutrition could easily be identified by most clinicians, wasting as a form of malnutrition could easily be missed if anthropometric measurements are not done. Growth assessment in terms of anthropometry is routinely done at child welfare clinics and at the end of all physical examination of a child during all hospital visits (1). 2.5. COMPLICATIONS / EFFECTS OF UNDERNUTRITION In 2000, the WHO estimated that malnourished children numbered 181.9 million (32%) in developing countries. In addition, an estimated 149.6 million children under 5 years are malnourished when measured in terms of weight for age (2). Approximately 50% of the 10 million deaths each year in developing countries occur because of malnutrition in children under 5 years (2). In kwashiorkor, mortality tends to decrease as the age of onset increases (2). Marasmus usually occurs in children under 5years; this may be due to the fact that this period is characterized by increased energy requirements and increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections (2). Also weaning (the gradual withdrawal of breast milk and the commencement of nourishment with other food) occurs during this high-risk period (2). Weaning is usually complicated by geography, socio-economy, hygiene, public health, culture, and dietetics (2). Due to the complex nature of weaning, it could become ineffective when the f oods introduced provide inadequate nutrients, when the food and water are contaminated, when the access to health care is inadequate, and/or when the patient cannot access or purchase proper nourishment (2). Since low intake of calories or an inability to absorb calories is the key factor in the development of kwashiorkor, variety of syndromes could be associated with kwashiorkor (2). Clinically children would have poor weight gain or weight loss (slowing of linear growth) and behavioral changes such as, irritability, apathy (characteristically, the child is apathetic when undisturbed but irritable when picked up), decreased social responsiveness, anxiety, and attention deficit (2). In marasmus, the child appears emaciated with significant loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle wasting. Other features include; xerotic, wrinkled, and loose skin; loss of buccal fat pads given rise to what is called monkey face (2). In protein-energy malnutrition, more hairs are in the telogen (resting) phase than in the anagen (active) phase, a reverse of normal (2). Kwashiorkor typically presents with failure to thrive, edema, moon face, a swollen abdomen (potbelly), and a fatty liver (2). Skin changes are c haracteristic and could progress over few days, thus the skin becomes dark, dry, and then splits open when stretched, revealing pale areas between the cracks(2). Globally, the most common cause of malnutrition is inadequate food intake (2). Preschool-aged children in developing countries are often at risk for malnutrition because of the following factors: their dependence on others for food; increased protein and energy requirements; immature immune systems causing a greater susceptibility to infection; and exposure to non-hygienic conditions (2).Another important factor is ineffective weaning as a result of ignorance, poor hygiene, socio-economic factors, and cultural factors (2). Diseases such as gastrointestinal infections can and often do precipitate clinical protein-energy malnutrition because of associated diarrhea, anorexia, vomiting, increased metabolic needs, and decreased intestinal absorption (2). 2.6. TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE UNDERNUTRITION In the first step in the treatment of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), which is also known as the initial phase/stabilization phase, the aim of treatment is to correct fluid and electrolyte abnormalities and to treat any infections (2). Macronutrient repletion or dietary treatment with F75 and F100 should be commenced within 48 hours under the supervision of nutrition specialists (2). Other treatment action in this stage includes, correcting hypoglycemia, hypothermia and dehydration among others. The second step in the treatment, referred to us the rehabilitation phase, may be delayed 24-48 h in children. The aim is to supply macronutrients by dietary therapy to rapidly replenish the energy stores depleted by malnutrition (2). After a week, intake rates should approach 175 kcal/kg and 4 g/kg of protein for children (2). A daily multivitamin should also be added (2). Any child who is at risk of nutritional deficiency should be referred to a registered dietitian or other nutritional professional for a complete nutritional assessment and dietary counseling (2). Subspecialty referrals should be considered if the underlying cause is not poor nutritional intake e.g. if clinical findings indicate malabsorption, a gastroenterologist should be consulted (2). Children with poor nutrition as a result of inadequate intake and/or neglect should be referred to the appropriate social agencies to assist the family in obtaining resources and providing ongoing care for the child (2). The last phase which is ignored by most health workers is the follow up, its to be done at appropriate intervals to enable the child and mother/caregiver pair to have counseling and guidance. 2.7. CHILD MALNUTRITIONAL STUDIES In a randomized community based trial of the effects of improved, centrally processed complementary foods on growth and micronutrient status, infants fed with weanimix had better iron stores and vitamin A status than those fed on nonfortified foods(13) . Therefore, mothers practicing complementary feeding should be encouraged to use fortified foods such as weanimix, NAN 1e.t. c. The study, however used limited food variety and also did not include simple local foods like groundnut paste, millet e.t.c. As said by a case-control study, on Risk factors for severe acute malnutrition in children under the age of five, there is an association between severe acute malnutrition and inappropriate infant and young child feeding practices (16). This suggests that, adequate or proper child feeding practices could prevent childhood undernutrition. Hence efforts, aimed at reducing child undernutrition needs to emphasize the proper feeding of children. In reference to a study on undernution as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles, significant proportion of deaths in young children worldwide is attributable to low weight-for-age (underweight). The study also showed, 52.5% of all deaths in young children were attributable to undernutrition, which is different form 44.8% for deaths because of measles to 60.7% for deaths because of diarrhea (). This shows that, the fight against childhood killer disease should involve the fight against undernutrition since it is a significant co-morbidity for child mortality. A different study, on a multilevel analysis of individual and community effect on chronic childhood malnutrition , revealed that individual and community characteristics are important predictors of childhood malnutrition(). This indicates that, there are individual factors which are dependent on the child as well as environmental factors which are determined by the community. Thus the geographical location as well as individual traits could predispose a child to undernutrition. Another study also revealed that, Household Food Security is inversely proportional to undernutrition (). This indicates that once food security levels in households increases, the prevalence of undernutrition decreases. Several factors affects food security, such factors includes; conflicts, war, political instability, famine, poor food storage systems e.t.c. In this regard, policies addressing these factors will improve food security levels in the country which will intern improve child undernutrition. A crosectional study on potentially modifiable micro-environmental and co-morbid factors associated with severe wasting and stunting in children , identified social class and feeding practices as the significant risk factors associated with wasting (). This indicates that, improving the living standard of citizenry ultimately improves the incidence of childhood undernutrition. A research on Prevalence of Malnutrition and Effects of Maternal Age, Education and Occupation Amongst Children showed high prevalence of stunting, medium wasting and underweight had no statistically significant association with educational level and occupation of the mothers(). Thus indicating that, mothers/caregivers do not need to have high educational level or white color job to prevent or reduce child undernutrition. Therefore, policies aimed at educating mothers/caregivers should be directed to everyone without prejudice of the persons work or educational level. 2.8. CONCLUSION Child undernutrition is a problem that affects individual, society, ethical, moral and political levels. Factors associated with it cuts across socio-demographic, health and geographical location. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1. Study design: This was a crosectional study involving 100 child and mother/caregiver pair sampled from five health facilities randomly selected. The study was conducted over a one month period. Mothers/Caregivers of children between 6months and 24months old were eligible for participation and were randomly selected after they had consented. 3.2. Study setting: The Cape Coast Metropolitan is bounded on the south by the Gulf of Guinea, west by the Komenda / Edina / Eguafo /Abrem Municipal, east by the Abura/Asebu/Kwamankese District and north by the Twifu/Hemang/Lower Denkyira District (4). The Metropolis covers an area of 122 square kilometers and is the smallest metropolis in the country and is also the capital city of the Central Region of Ghana (4). The total population of the cape coast metropolis is 217,032 with a population growth rate of3.1%(5). Generally, there are two rainy seasons in the metropolis (4). The peak of the major season is in June (4). The vegetation is divided into dry coastal savanna stretching about 15 km inland, and a tropical rain forest with various reserve areas (5). The major economic activities are agriculture andfishing (5). 3.3. Samples seize: The formular used in calculating the sample seize is: Sample Size = n [1 + (n/population)] Where n = Z ÃÆ'- Z [P (1-P)/(DÃÆ'-D)] P = True proportion of factor in the population, or the expected frequency value D = Maximum difference between the sample mean and the population mean, Or Expected Frequency Value minus (-) Worst Acceptable Value Z = Area under normal curve corresponding to the desired confidence level The prevalence of undernutrition among children under 5 years in Ghana was 28.60% at the end .of 2008 (3). The population of children between 6months and 24 months of age registered at the health facilities within the cape coast metropolis, attending child welfare clinic is 238. The desired confidence level used was 95% with the value of Z = 1.960, from the confidence level. The confidence limit (D) of 4% (i.e.  ±4). Hence, n= 1.960ÃÆ'-1.960[0.286 (1-0.286)/(0.04ÃÆ'-0.04)] = 489.804 Therefore sample seize = 489.804 = 160.1714 [1+(489.804/238)] Hence the sample seize was ~ 160. 3.4. Sampling: There are ten health facilities within the cape coast metropolitan catchment area. These ten health facilities include both rural and urban Health centers, CHIP centers, University hospital, Metropolitan hospital and a Regional hospital. These health facilities were subjected to random selection and five of them were selected to participate in the study. The random selection was done by assigning all the facilities to numbers and these numbers were written separately on small sheets of papers and folded. Five different individuals, who are have no idea about the study nor were the health facilities involved, at separate times asked to pick one of the folded papers. All the health facilities had equal chance of selection. The selected health facilities included the Central Regional Hospital, Akotokyire CHPS Center, Adisadel Urban Health Ce

Cost Leadership Strategy Business Comparison

Cost Leadership Strategy Business Comparison Identify two very different organizations that compete on a cost leadership strategy and explain how they do this, i.e. find out what they do that enables them to keep their prices low. Introduction What is difference between manager and a leader? This is a question that asked more than one and answered in many ways. The big difference between manager and a leader is they motivate peoples who work or follow them. By the way , many peoples are act in both roles , they have the management jobs, but they realize that they can not buy heart ,especially follow them down a diffcult path, and so act as leaders too. 1.1 Manager Management which is the organization and coordination of the activities of an enterprise in accordance with certain policies and in achievement of defined objectives. A Manager is the person responsible for planning and directing the work of a group of individuals, monitoring their work, and taking corrective action when necessary. Managers have a position of authority vested in them by the company, and their subordinates work for them and largely do as they are told. As a manager, in all his work within the scope are under the management and administrative. Managers are paid to get things done, they are subordinates too, often within tight constraints of time and money. They thus naturally pass on this work focus to their subordinates. Work under the administrator is qualified for all work and maintain, without change. As a manager in the management all structures and systems are oriented. All the positions are set by the system, and work is also to go along with the system. In the management system, managers are being controlled, including time, work, and salary. In other way , the manager need to focus on bottom line and control the complete the attention of all the work off the assembly line. Leadership is just one important component of the directing function. A manager cannot just be a leader, he also needs formal authority to be effective. For any quality initiative to take hold, senior management must be involved and act as a role model. T his involvement cannot be delegated. 1.2 Leader Leadership which is academics have great difficulty in defining what a leader is, or pinpointing the reason behind an organisations success. A leader who impact the realization of a goal to achieve a group of people. A leader by its meaning is one who goes first and leads by example, so that others are motivated to follow him. This is a basic requirement. To be a leader, a person must have a deep-rooted commitment to the goal that he will strive to achieve it even if nobody follows him. As a leader, should have innovative ideas and the establishment of a management system without having to be free of innovation. And this will improve a leaders ability. When a leader of the freedom of growth and development. Leader development focuses on the development of the leader, such as the personal attributes desired in a leader, desired ways of behaving, ways of thinking or feeling. The other set of behaviors is referred to as people-oriented style, where the leader provides a more supportive role in providing a positive work environment. In a group where all the members do not allow the system to be controlled, the development of all are free. And all the members are relying on trust to maintain. Besides , as a leader need take care of his own group and motivate the group. The leaders just need to focus on the horizon members only and teach the horizon members to lead their own groups. This will lead the team with team spirit. 1.3 Manager and Leader Managers think incrementally, whilst leaders think radically. Managers do things right, while leaders do the right thing. This means that managers do things by the book and follow company policy, while leaders follow their own intuition, which may in turn be of more benefit to the company. A leader is more emotional than a manager . Men are governed by their emotions rather than their intelligence . This quotation illustrates why teams choose to follow leaders. Leaders stand out by being different. They question assumption and are suspicious of tradition. They seek out the truth and make decisions based on fact, not prejudice. They have a preference for innovation. A leader is someone who people naturally follow through their own choice, and managers must comply. A manager may only be passed to give the company time and the power of loyalty to their own position, not because of his leadership results. A leader may not have organizational skills, but his vision of the people rally behind him. 1.4 Conclusion Management and leadership are two different ways organizations. Managers use a formal, rational method, and the use of the leaders of the enthusiasm and aroused emotions. William Wallace is a good example of a wise leader, but must not be considered manager. 2.0 Introduction Operating a successful business strategy is based. But there are, of course, different types of business strategy. Among one of the business strategy is cost leadership strategy. Companies choose cost leadership strategies unique features or customer can accept the relatively standardized product. In other words, with the lowest levels of differentiation and the lowest price competitive. Companies want to be a cost leadership strategy the following must be maintained at lower costs, create value for our customers ongoing efforts to target success. 2.1 Mass Market Mass marketing is product advertising maximum exposure to consumers. This is opposite to where the idea of niche markets and sell products is to promote a specific target market. The target market is identified through research as the most likely to buy a product to consumers part of. Mass marketing also operating the business with products caters for all or public which sell considerably cheap in the perception of consumers. Take a look in a example that Ramly burger and Macdonald burger , Ramly burger is cheaper than Macdonald burger because Ramly burger just a normal tiny business and Ramly burger just only can buy in Malaysia. Macdonald more expensive because it is an international networking business and their cost is higher , some more need register trademarks and a lot of law enforcements stuffs to protect their rights. Besides , Macdonald is one of the top global brands, branding is expensive need a lot of constant advertising. In other way , how does the Ramly burger to keep their price low? By reducing cost , Ramly burger no need to actually rent a land or building to sell , just need to place at a roadside stall to sell it. The supplier also will be cheaper and this make all the cost lower already. Ramly burger dint provide a good enviroment for customers just at the roadside , so the cost will reduce too. Some more , Ramly burger no need to register trademarks and a lot of law enforcement stuffs so their cost will be lower. Besides , process for make the burger is easier and faster also , customers just need to wait about few minutes only. Ramly burger provided a good services such as faster ,cheaper and easier. 2.2 Niche Market Niche market focus on a small population, but specific and clear of all marketing segments. Niches do not exist, but create to determine the needs, desires and not being addressed or not by other companies, and develop and deliver goods or services to meet their requirements. Niche market operating with products cater for a particular segment of consumers which sell at considerably cheap but premium in the perception of consumers. As a strategy, niche marketing is aimed at being a big fish in a small pond instead of being a small fish in a big pond. For example , Old Town Coffee Shop and Starbucks Coffee Shop , even though Starbucks more expensive than Old Town but still have many peoples willing to pay the premium price for the Starbuckss coffee. Starbucks more famous than Old Town , can be compare with the brand. Then, Starbucks provide internet access and better enviroment compare with Old Town. Old Town cheaper than Starbucks and a lot types of drinks and foods to order too. Star bucks coffee is more expensive because the cost is higher and Starbucks there have varieties of coffee such as latte , cappuccino , espresso , blended and many more. Why peoples willing to pay premium price for the products? Now the people of this age, everyone says the standard of living, it is necessary to improve their standard of living, with a good eat well, so now the people of this age are willing to spend a lot of money in his own body, so let his comfort. Even the Starbucks productss price is higher but still have a lot peoples willing to pay the premium price for the coffees to improve their standard of living. Besides, starbucks coffee has many types of tricks such as latte, cappuccino, espresso, blended and many more, is because of this it has attracted many customers willing to pay premium price for the coffees. 2.4 Conclusion Whether expensive or cheap products, will have its own intrinsic value. Usually get a lot of people will put the lowest cost to the most appropriate price. Even then the high value products, it is still the same living standards in pursuit of will buy. Cost leadership strategy may have a low customer loyalty short comings, such as price-sensitive customers will switch a low-cost alternative product available. One as the cost leaders reputation may also lead to lower quality status, which may cause a company is difficult to rename itself or product in the future if it chooses to transfer to a different strategy.

The Express Essay -- Biography, Ernie Davis

The biography I chose was The Express: The Ernie Davis Story. Its about an inspirational and heroic African American Football player. Robert C. Gallagher wrote this book. Ernie Davis passed away when he was only 23 years old from leukemia. (Gallagher, 151). Even though his life was short he treated others with dignity grace and compassion. The life he led made him a hero. He was considered by professionals in his field to be one of the best running backs ever. He was most famous for being the first African American to win the Heisman trophy (Gallagher, 1). Davis was born, in New Salem, Pennsylvania on December 14, 1939 (Gallagher, 15). His parents were separated, and his father was killed in an auto accident before Davis was born. When Ernie was born his father was deceased and his mother struggled to raise Ernie. She found out that she could not take care of him on her own. When Ernie was about a year old his mother sent him to her parents home to live (Gallagher, 19). His grandparents, Willie and Elizabeth Davis had twelve children. Willie worked hard as a coal miner and Elizabeth was a homemaker who cared for the children. They raised all of the children including Ernie equally and with the same amount of love. Ernie called his grandparents mom and dad because he was treated just like their other children. He learned to be generous and appreciative by living in a big family. His grandparents also taught Ernie to have a strong trusting, relationship with God (Gallagher, 20). Ernie grew up playing with his older uncles. They spent a large amount of time together and he learned many great lessons about sports from them. When Ernie prepared to enter high school, his mother asked him to return to her. Ernie had a hard time ... ... and showed that he had less than a year to live (Gallagher, 124). Ernie went through chemotherapy and spent two months in and out of hospitals On October 4, 1962 his doctor finally explained the extent of his illness to him. He also told Davis he could continue to play football if his disease went into remission. Amazingly his leukemia went into remission. His coach made the difficult decision to keep him on the sidelines (Gallagher, 151). Ernie never complained about his sickness. He remained hopeful that he could beat the disease and refused any pity offered by others. He was always gracious and he never complained to the people who helped him. In the end after all his struggles, on May 18, 1963, Ernie Davis passed away (Gallagher, 124). 160 â€Å"Ernie was one of the finest football players, but more important the finest gentleman I’ve ever known†(Gallagher,167).

Rhythmic Procedures and Rudimental Drumming :: essays papers

Rhythmic Procedures and Rudimental Drumming In history, drumming and the use of percussive instruments have had a significant role in people’s lives. Not only do the people who play these instruments enjoy them, but it is said that "there is as much pleasure participating in, as listening to and admiring an expert drummer’s improvisations". The use of drums has been recognized as being able to put people into spiritual trances throughout history. The drum is a musical instrument with great power and presence that gives the "pulse" or backbone to the music it is incorporated with. There are three rudimental rhythmic procedures that have been known in drumming for the use of communication, entertainment and both communication and entertainment together. These are; (1) the use of a drum as a speech surrogate or a "talking drum". These methods of playing were used for communicative purposes and often codes were used to be played over long distances for the sending and receiving of messages. (2) The use of both iconic and symbolic dimensions of communication within music and dance. Throughout many festivals in Africa, depending on the event being celebrated, drumbeats are used to dictate the type of dance to be done by the listeners. For example, at the time of a birth of twins there is a different dance done than at a birth of a single child and the beat of the drum instructs the listeners to do the appropriate dance. (3) This rhythmic procedure is most commonly used today and is the pure musical play of rhythms in dance. There are no communicative obligations within this type of music, which allows for free-form dance and unlimited use of improvisational strategies by the musician. The third rhythmic procedure will be most emphasized throughout this report for a few reasons. One reason is that it is not possible to make generalizations about drumming as a whole, used as communication devices because every society in early Africa had it’s unique fingerprints on sounds of the rhythmic beats they have played. Another reason for the emphasis on this rhythmic procedure and not the first two is the accessibility of rhythmical facts pertaining to each. Unfortunately, much of the known facts about rudimental African rhythmic procedures is stored within the minds of the tribal musicians themselves. One phrase I learned from researching this topic is that "the life and energy of the drummer lives half within the drummer’s soul, and half within the drum he plays".

Essay --

Carly Starkin Psychology Mrs. True January 9th, 2014 Quarter Project- The Glass Castle The memoir The Glass Castle stood out greatly to me when I was given synopses of our book choices for this project. I have a great interest in family dynamics and how a child’s upbringing could potentially affect him or her. I am also interested in mental disorders, although no particular disorder is specified in the book. Another reason why I chose this book was because I have a relative who has alcoholism and I have become increasingly interested on this terrible disease. Upon opening this inspiring memoir and reading the first few chapters, I was immediately drawn in. The Glass Castle taught me one very important thing about children who are growing up in an extremely dysfunctional household- they do not always turn out as messed up as their parents or guardians. In fact, the author, Jeannette Walls, actually turned out extremely well. She is a successful writer and journalist and seems to be happy with her life. She has showed me that carrying around some serious baggage does not always stop a person from reaching the top. In the memoir, Walls’ parents are extremely selfish and have no morals. There is little to no love shown to Walls and her siblings, forcing them to mature faster than they should have. For example, she had to cook her own food at the young age of three. If I had known nothing about Walls’ success upon reading this memoir, I would never have assumed that she is a bestselling author and big-name journalist. I do not think that Jeannette Walls wanted to share the story of her life with people for the purpose of entertainment. I believe her main focus was to give hope for people who are growing up impoverished or who have a... ...nly parties of one. No one wants to hear about how horrible your day was. Instead, it is always a better conversation when a happy event is being discussed. The Glass Castle definitely relates to psychology. Rex, the father, is an alcoholic. After learning about alcoholism in class, I certainly had a better understanding of why he kept going back to the bottle time after time. The mind of someone suffering from drug addiction or alcoholism is certainly a subject that is being studied in psychology classrooms and labs all over the world. The book is full of mental illness, some of which can be tied to nurture, some to nature. Jeannette Walls’ success can be tied to personal choice because she made decisions about her lifestyle that were not influenced by her upbringing. This is definitely a great book to discuss in a psychology class and I hope we get to do so.

Comedy

Lastly this paper will look into the different institutions and beliefs that are being lampooned in these two historical works. What was considered funny in classical Greece was most likely not the same as what the majority of people in medieval times considered funny. Greek comedy focused on criticizing current politicians or undermining intellects such as the sophists, Socrates in particular as seen in The Clouds. Aristotelian made the crowd laugh by delivering the simple message that the sophists were corrupting youth and undermining traditional Athenian beliefs.The crowd was able to laugh because Aristotelian filled his play and characters with situations and traits common to that era such as debt. Profanity was also used a lot and since Greek comedy arose around the same time as radical democracy did they were able to have more freedom of speech and could rant about all the politicians and leaders. This is similar to the medieval story Wisenheimer which seemed to lampoon the cor rupt monks of the roman clergy and greed; this is evident when Wisenheimer is referred to as a â€Å"wicked monk† . Wisenheimer was a wolf who constantly lied about being a priest ND a doctor to try and deceive the king.This is similar to the Greek style of comedy in which an institution or authoritative figure is being satirized in a comical way in order to relay a message to the public. However, Greek comedy did focus more on the politics and Intellects as seen through out The Clouds, since the story focuses on Socrates and the sophists and portrays them with wacky characteristics and lines. Aristotelian wrote The Clouds in a theatrical form so that it could performed in front of an audience and take full advantage of the times arresting freedom of beech.However, Wisenheimer was written as a series of poems. The use of poetry in medieval society most likely stems form the fact that poetry was already popular and was the prominent way to relate a message and reach an audienc e. The poem Wisenheimer was comical because it used animals to represent the different characters that were being satirized such as Wisenheimer himself who portrays the Roman Catholic Church specifically a monk. Wolves are constantly used to represent evil corruption in even today's stories and cartoons such as The Three Little Pigs and Little Red Riding Hood.Medieval times gave rise to many more uses for reading and writing especially in understanding religion which meant that many more people of different classes were able to read and/or write . This is probably why poetry was a good way to tell a story since there wasn't the need for everything to be passed on orally to an audience. All in all, comedy has been used through out history and remains an important function in our society today. Comedy is constantly changing and will do so for as long as it is around.The two time periods which we have compared and contrasted elected works from for this paper are both similar and differ ent in many different ways. They used comedy for laughter, to satirized, and to relay important messages and popular beliefs. This is evident through out both works. This paper has shown some of the main differences and similarities in the form, satires, and uses of comedy in Orchestration's The Clouds and the medieval poem Wisenheimer. However studying these comical works with an open mind allows us to use it as a primary source giving us insight into some of the problems, customs, and beliefs of these two time periods.

Deviant behavior Essay

The labeling scheme and the cordial control surmisal are two explanations behind the sentiment of deviance. The labeling theory argues that nightspot itself creates deviance by classifying certain behaviors or commonwealth as deviant. The social control theory, meanwhile, believes that deviance is a result of the failure of social institutions to follow up societal norms. Labeling and Social Control Theories both culture has norms or standards that distinguish acceptable from unacceptable behavior.Actions or behaviors that go against heathenish norms are referred to as deviance. To understand wherefore some individuals resort to deviance, sociologists and criminologists first of all analyse how norms are created, modified and enforced. The labeling theory and the social control theory are scantily two of the explanations these experts have come up with regarding the nature of deviance. Labeling Theory The labeling theory argues that people assume deviant roles in fello wship.No conduct or individual is inherently deviant society itself creates deviance by classifying certain behaviors or people as deviant. Those who observe deviant manners reach deviant identities by internalizing deviant labels that society imposes on them. Instead of finding the bloodline cause of deviance, society will portion it to particular behaviors or people (Kontos and Brotherton, 2008). Prop iodinnts of the labeling theory claim that the social group is the one responsible for deviance. It creates norms in order to fall apart conventional people from deviants.Norms, however, are evil in the sense that it does not tell the difference between rule ledgeman or rule-breaking behavior and deviants or deviant behavior. A individual is dismissed as deviant regardless of whether or not his or her actions actually violated any(prenominal) norm (Hamlin, n. d. ). The Stages of Labeling According to the American sociologist Howard Becker, a person undergoes three fix ups when he is transform from organism regarded as normal to being recognized and designate as deviant.The first stage is the initial public labeling or the informal operation of labeling that eventually becomes an functionary definition of a person as deviant. Examples of this are the shoplifter who is tried in court and is sent to prison as a shepherds crook and the drunk whom the medico or the psychiatrist diagnoses as an alcoholic. The process of labeling begins with just the doctor, psychiatrist and judge, and then eventually spreads to the entire community (Slattery, 2003).The second stage involves the official labels decree of all the other statuses and symbols that a person previously had. Society will complete(a) ties with this individual and deny him or her opportunities for advancement. The get down who becomes an alcoholic, for instance, ends up being divorced by his wife and abandoned by his children. The ex-convict, meanwhile, is inefficient to buy a house or ge t a job because of his criminal record (Slattery, 2003). The third stage is characterized by the label severely damaging the vanity of the person involved.The self-fulfilling prophecy begins to take line he or she whitethorn snuff it up to the deviant label that society imposed on him or her by assuming a deviant lifestyle. He or she may also lose from conventional society by pursuit support and status from other deviants who plowshare similar lifestyles. An occasional dose user, for instance, may live up to his reputation as a junkie by spill to underground bars and clubs frequented by drug addicts. The juvenile delinquent, on the other hand, may later become a nonrecreational criminal, in accordance to what society labeled him (Slattery, 2003).